Biology & Medical Science Books

Britain has become the first country in the world that has approved the use of vaccines made by the Pfizer Company.

The British regulatory body MHRA has stated that this vaccine from Pfizer / Biontech gives 95% protection from Covid-19 and it is safe to allow its widespread use.

It is being told that within a few days, people who are most at risk will start getting vaccinated.

The UK has already placed an order for 40 million doses of this vaccine.

Each person will be given two doses of the vaccine. This means that two crore people can get the vaccine.

It is the fastest developed vaccine in the world which took 10 months to make. It usually takes up to a decade to prepare such a vaccine.

However, experts say that despite the vaccine, people should keep following the rules to prevent infection.

How does this vaccine work?

This is a new type of mRNA corona vaccine that uses small fragments of the genetic code of the corona virus collected during an epidemic. According to the company, small pieces of genetic code increase immunity within the body and prepare the body to fight against Covid-19.

Never before has the mRNA vaccine been approved for use in humans. However, during clinical trials, people have been given doses of this type of vaccine.

The mRNA vaccine is injected into the human body. It tells the immune system to make antibodies to fight the corona virus and to activate the T-cell and destroy the infected cells.

After this, when this person is infected with the corona virus, the antibodies and T-cells in his body start fighting the virus.

Who else was involved in the vaccine race?

Oxford-Astrazenica Vaccine - This is a viral vector type vaccine using genetically modified viruses. It can be stored in the refrigerator at normal temperature and has to be consumed in two doses. So far, it has been found to be 62 to 90 percent effective in clinical trials.

The dose for this vaccine will be up to $ 4.

Moderna Vaccine - This is a mRNA type corona vaccine that is being made by adding some pieces of the virus's genetic code. It will need to be stored at minus 20 degree temperature and it can be stored for six months only. It has to be taken in two doses and it has been found to be up to 95% effective in clinical trials conducted so far.

The dose for this vaccine will be up to $ 33.

Pfizer / Biontech's Vaccine - Like Moderna's vaccine, it is also a mRNA type corona vaccine. It has been found to be up to 95 percent effective in clinical trials conducted so far. It has to be stored at a temperature of minus 70 degrees.

This vaccine will be given two doses and will cost up to $ 15 per dose.

Gamalaya's Sputnik-V vaccine - This is a viral vector type vaccine similar to the Oxford vaccine, which has been found to be up to 92% effective in clinical trials conducted so far. It can be stored in the refrigerator at normal temperature and has to be consumed in two doses.

The dose for this vaccine will be up to $ 7.50.

In addition, Russia is using another vaccine named Sputnik. At the same time, the Chinese Army has approved a vaccine made by Cancino Biologics. Both these vaccines are viral vector type vaccines like the Oxford vaccine.

Scientists say that the most important way to test the corona virus in the human body is so sensitive that dead viruses or fragments of earlier infections can also be found in it.

Scientists believe that a person is infected with the corona virus for about a week, but even after that, his corona test can be positive for several weeks.

Researchers say that the reason for this may also be that the figures on the scale of the corona epidemic are higher than the estimates.

Although some experts say that how to find a reliable way to investigate corona in which every case of infection can be registered, it has not yet been decided.

Professor Karl Henegan, a researcher involved in this research, says that the new way of testing should be at a cut-off point rather than when the virus is found or not found, to indicate that a small amount of the virus Due to this, the result of the test can be negative.

They believe that finding fragments or fragments of the old virus in the corona virus test helps explain why cases of infection are steadily increasing while the number of people arriving in hospitals is steadily decreasing.

Oxford University's Center of Evidence-based Medicine reviewed evidence from 25 studies in this regard, placing samples of positive tests in a petri dish to see if the virus numbers were growing there.

This method is called scientific 'viral culture' which can tell whether the test that has been done has found an active virus that is able to increase its number or found dead virus or fragments that cannot be grown in the laboratory. can.

BBC Health correspondent Nick Triggle's analysis

Scientists have been aware of this difficulty associated with the virus test since the beginning of the epidemic and this once again shows why the data of the Kovid-19 are not correct.

But what does it matter? Statistics were less available at the beginning of the epidemic but as time went by, more figures were found. Confusion has increased due to the large amount of information about testing and R numbers.

But it is true that in the whole of the UK, the incidence of corona infection is less than in many European countries. As far as the spread of infection is concerned, it can be said broadly that we have been successful in preventing it. And this is when the lockdown has started to be relaxed a bit with the arrival of summer.

But it cannot be denied that the biggest question now is what will happen next, winter days are coming and children are also starting to study in schools.

Health workers in Britain are assuming that the country is currently in strong condition and it seems that more cases of infection can be avoided in the coming months.

But the government and people are also taking all precautions regarding this because it is believed that another round of epidemic could start if not taken seriously.

How is Covid-19 tested?

An effective method of corona virus testing is said to be the PCR swab test in which chemical attempts are made to identify the genetic material of the virus and then study it.

The test specimen has to go through several cycles at the laboratory before sufficient virus can be found.

The number of times the virus has been recovered tells us how much virus is there in the body, whether there are parts of the virus or the whole virus.

It also points towards how infectious the virus is in the body. It is believed that if the test tried more often to get the virus, then there is less scope for the virus to grow in the laboratory.

Risk of incorrect test result

But when you are tested for corona virus, you often get a yes or no answer. What is the amount of virus in the sample and whether the case is active infection or not. It is not known from the test.

A person who has a large amount of active virus in the body and whose body has found only fragments of dead virus in the sample - the results of both tests will be positive.

Professor Henegan is among those who have gathered information about how the death toll from Corona is being recorded. Based on this, Public Health England has improved its way of keeping data.

According to him, according to the facts found so far, the effect of corona virus infection "starts to decrease automatically after a week".

He says that it will not be possible to see if the active virus was found in every sample tested. In this case, if scientists can identify a cut-off mark for the amount of virus in the test, then cases of wrong positive results can be reduced.

This will reduce the rate of positive cases of chronic infections and reduce the overall infection count.

Professor Henegan says that this will help many people who are quarantining themselves on the basis of testing and can help understand the current true state of the corona epidemic.

Public Health England believes that the true result of the Corona virus test can be found through virus culture.

The organization says that they are also conducting an analysis in this direction recently and are working with laboratories to avoid the risk of erroneous positive results. He is also trying to determine how the cut-off point can be set for testing.

Although the organization also says that many different testing kits are in use for the corona test, the results of using these kits are understood in different ways and therefore it is difficult to reach a certain cut-off point. .

But Professor Ben Newman of the University of Reading says that cultivating a patient's specimen is no small task.

He says, "With such a review, the culture of the SARS-COV-2 virus can be wrongly linked to the possibility of spreading its infection."

"It is not certain" how long the virus can remain contagious after recovering from corona, says epidemiologist Professor Francesco Venturelli, who works in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy, badly affected by the Corona virus, in March .

They say that according to some studies done on viral culture, viruses have been found in the body of about 10% people even eight days after recovering from infection.

He says that the peak of the Corona epidemic came before Britain in Italy and that "for several weeks, we had been assessing cases of corona infection more than the reality." This is because people who had been infected earlier had positive results even after recovering. ''

But as the peak decreases, this situation also improves.

Professor Openshaw of Imperial College, London, says PCR tests are a "highly sensitive way of identifying the genetic material of viruses that have survived in the body".

"These tests are not evidence of corona virus infectivity," he says. But doctors believe that it is extremely unlikely that the virus is infectious in the body even after ten days of infection."

Scientists are under tremendous pressure to produce an effective vaccine for the corona virus as soon as possible.

The speed of the virus can be controlled by social distancing, but experts feel that the only way to stop the epidemic is by vaccine.

However, there are many vaccines that initially give a lot of hope, but when more people are tested, they fail.

This purported third phase is of great importance in these tests, as it is the stage in which a vaccine is known to have any side effects.

What does the vaccine do? It actually increases the immunity of humans, which causes them to attack and destroy viruses that cause diseases.

However, if the resistance increases incorrectly, it can increase the space for solving problems.

This is the reason that strict rules and guidelines have been made regarding the testing of vaccines, and disregarding them can be dangerous.

In Britain, there is a thought that if a vaccine arrives before the new year, new rules should be brought about its use without a license. But even then, strict safety norms have to be followed.

The danger of using a vaccine without a proper test can be traced back to an incident in 2009, when a quickly-made vaccine named Pandemerix was used for the H1N1 swine flu, and this led to the name Narcolepsy. Started having sleep disorders.

The World Health Organization gave a big statement about the vaccine

The World Health Organization does not expect that next year, that is, by 2021, Covid will be able to get a large number of vaccinations in terms of safety. A World Health Organization spokeswoman emphasized the importance of conducting the test on Friday.

World Health Organization spokeswoman Margaret Harris said that no vaccine at the advance clinical stage can be said to be fully effective. No vaccine has indicated any efficacy of fifty percent so far.

During a briefing in Geneva, he said that we are not really expecting to see widespread vaccination until the middle of next year.

Corona virus: corona test results will come in twelve minutes

Scotland Health Services has tied up with a company called Lumiradex, after which it will now be able to use special testing kits in which the corona virus test results will be out in minutes.

For this, the government will spend £ 67 million on 300 rapid testing machines and five lakh tests.

Under this agreement, Lumiradex, a health equipment manufacturer, will make a special testing strip at its factory in Sterling.

The machines used in this corona test can be easily transported from one place to another and can be used in small clinics and mobile hospitals.

The US Federal Drug Administration recognizes the testing of Covid-19 disease-causing SARS-CoV-2 virus and is currently in the final stages for Scotland and Europe.

"Under the agreement with Lumiradex, the company will provide a 12-minute corona testing device for our healthcare agency," says Evan McKee, minister in the Scottish Government. This is important in the war against the virus.

"In this test, the testing device will use a special type of strip which will be made in Scotland itself." This will create employment opportunities for the people here and at the same time our industry will also be strengthened.''

In this test, a swab taken from the nose will be tested for the Kovid-19 antigen protein. The result of the test will come in twelve minutes.

It is believed that the result will be quicker than other rapid antigens. These testing devices will be connected to the cloud system so that health officials can get information about the virus expansion quickly.

Ron Zwenziger, chief executive of Lumiradex, stated that "not only will the results of this test come quickly but the results will be accurate and on the basis of this, doctors can start treating the patient early." Corona vaccine may be less effective on obese people: research

Corona vaccine may be less effective on obese people: research

According to a study, the risk of getting hospitalized for treatment in case of corona infection is higher for those who are obese. They have this risk twice as much as normal people.

A team from the University of North Carolina has studied data on 75 research conducted on nearly four million people worldwide.

American researchers say obesity increases the risk of diabetes and high blood pressure. If the immune system is weak, an infected person can become seriously ill.

It is also feared that the potential vaccine may also be less effective on obese people. This is because even the flu vaccine does not work properly on people with BMI greater than 30.

Ozone is effective in killing the corona virus: research

Japanese researchers say that with the help of ozone, the corona virus can be eradicated and hospitals can be made safe in this way.

According to the news agency Reuters, Japan's Fujita Health University has reported that they have proved that the virus can be destroyed by low-density ozone gas (0.05 to 0.1 ppm).

Researchers say this level of low-density ozone is safe for humans.

A case of a person who has been re-infected with the corona virus has been revealed to Hong Kong scientists.

This person over 30 years of age was first infected with the corona virus four and a half months ago.

Scientists say that two things are 'completely different' in the virus's genome, this is the world's first case of re-infection.

However, the World Health Organization states that a patient's case should not come to a direct conclusion.

At the same time, experts say that re-infection is very rare and it is not even more serious.

The report by Hong Kong University stated that the man had been in the hospital for 14 days before recovering from the infection, but during screening at the airport he was again found to be corona virus infected. However, he did not have any symptoms.

Professor Brendan Rayne of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Science says this is a very rare case of recurrence.

They say that because of this the vaccine of Covid-19 becomes very important and there is a possibility that the virus will change itself over time.

People who are infected with the corona virus have developed an immune system in their body to fight the virus which prevents the virus from returning again.

The strongest immunity is found in those who have been seriously ill with Covid-19. However, it is still unclear how long this protection is and how long the immunity can last?

A senior Chinese health official has said that the Chinese government has been providing the Corona vaccine to those working in select areas since July, which have not yet been fully approved.

Cheng Chongyi, head of the National Health Commission's Center for Science and Technology, told the CCTV, a government media body, that the government had approved the vaccination of SARS-COVID-2 (ie COVID-19) to health workers and officials on the border for 'emergency use' Was allowed to give

Cheng is leading the task force developing the vaccine.

He said that no new cases of localized infection have been reported in China since seven days.

Those who work at the border are believed to be at greater risk.

This is the first case of vaccine use outside clinical trials in China that has been confirmed.

There is no complete information about which vaccines were given to these people and how many were given to them, but Cheng says that this was done completely by following the law under which the non- Limited use of certified vaccines is permitted.

"We have prepared a whole series of plans, including a medical consent, side effect monitoring plan, rescue plan and compensation plan to ensure that this emergency is fully utilized," Cheng told CCTV. Is organized and monitored.

He informed that it is also planned to test it on other groups before autumn and winter.

The World Health Organization is monitoring the ongoing work on 170 potential vaccines worldwide.

Many vaccines in China have reached the Phase III trial. In this phase, thousands of people will be tested to be safe and effective by giving the vaccine.

In June, the Chinese government asked those working in government companies to become volunteers to test two vaccines. These are the employees who always have to travel to other countries.

State-run China National Biotech Group has received approval to test its vaccine on humans in the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Peru, Morocco and Argentina.

The company has reported that 20,000 people are participating in trials in these countries outside.

Other Chinese companies Sinovac and Cancino Biologics are also conducting trials in Russia, Indonesia and Brazil.

According to the World Health Organization, efforts are underway in more than 170 locations worldwide to prepare the corona virus vaccine.

Of these 170 places, 138 attempts are currently in the pre-clinical phase. But many are undergoing clinical trials. Trial of 25 vaccines is going on in Phase I with very small scope. While a trial of 15 vaccines is going on a slightly larger scope.

But the eyes of the world are focused on those efforts where Phase 3 trial is going on. It is currently operating at seven locations.

Amidst all this, the news of the Corona vaccine being available within 73 days came to the headlines in the Indian media on Saturday.

According to the claim of Indian media reports, this claim was made by the Serum Institute, which provides the vaccine being prepared at Oxford University in India, although on Sunday, the Serum Institute issued an explanation for this, saying 73 days was misleading.

Serum Institute has reported that Phase III of this vaccine is undergoing trials and has been approved for production keeping in mind only its future. The Serum Institute, one of the world's top companies for making vaccines, also said that when the vaccine trial is complete, the vaccine will be informed of its availability when it is approved by the standards.

Earlier on August 15, in his address to the Red Fort, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that there has been talk of three corona vaccine trials in the country. Apart from the Serum Institute, two vaccines are in operation in India.

The vaccine name of Bharat Biotech International Limited is Covacine. The second vaccine project is by Zydus Cadila Healthcare Limited. Kovaxin's development projects include the government agency Indian Council of Medical Research and the National Institute of Virology.

12 institutions in India have been selected for its human trials, including the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Nizam Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad.

Dr. Balram Bhargava, Director General of ICMR, had recently asked the Principal Investigators of these 12 institutions to speed up the pace of covarian human clinical trials. He had said that this is one of the top priority projects, which is being monitored from the top level of the government.

But health experts are questioning whether the time required to prepare the vaccine and the procedures that have to go through, have been followed?

By the way, it is being speculated that even if the vaccine is found quickly, it will be available by the end of this year. India's Union Health Minister Harsh Vardhan has also hoped to get the corona vaccine by the end of the year.

However, on August 11, 2020, Russia's President Vladimir Putin announced the biggest success of the Corona vaccine. Russian President Vladimir Putin has claimed that his scientists have developed a vaccine against the corona virus that works against the corona virus.

Putin said that this vaccine was tested on humans for two months and has met all safety standards. This vaccine has also been approved by the Health Ministry of Russia. But this vaccine has not yet been approved by the World Health Organization standards.

Regarding the vaccine developed at the Gamelaya Institute, he said that his daughter has also received the vaccine. This vaccine has been developed by the Russian Ministry of Defense along with the Gamelaya Institute. It is believed that this vaccine will be introduced to people on a large scale in Russia. According to Russian media, it will be available to other countries before the month of January in 2021.

According to the news agency Reuters, the latest production of this vaccine Sputnik Five will start in Russia in September. The same report claimed that Russia has received requests for more than one billion doses of this vaccine from 20 countries around the world. Russia is preparing to make 500 million doses every year.

However, given the rapid pace that Russia has claimed to develop the corona vaccine, concerns are being raised about it in the scientific world. Scientists from many countries of the world, including the World Health Organization, are now openly saying this. The World Health Organization has said that it does not yet have information about the Corona vaccine being developed through Russia to evaluate it.

Last week, the World Health Organization urged Russia to follow an international guide line to make vaccines against Corona.

Seven vaccines under Phase III of the World Health Organization are undergoing trials, but the Russian vaccine is not mentioned. Other countries of the world are also somewhat apprehensive about Russia's vaccine.

In fact, the first phase trial of the corona vaccine which Russia is claiming to have started in June this year.

Safety data during the trial of this vaccine developed in Russia have not yet been released. Due to this, scientists of other countries have not been able to study how accurate Russia's claim is.

Russia has dismissed international concerns over Corona's vaccine, calling it absolutely baseless. Experts cast doubt on Russia's claim of making the vaccine so fast. Scientists in Germany, France, Spain and America asked to be cautious about this.

After this, Russia's Health Minister Mikhail Murashko told Russian news agency Interfax, "It seems as if our foreign comrades have realized the benefits of being ahead in the Russian medicine competition and they are talking things that are absolutely They are helpless.''

Dr. Anthony Fauchi, the country's largest virus scientist in the US, has also raised doubts over the Russian claim. Dr. Fauchi told National Geographic, "I hope that the Russian people have definitely tested that this vaccine is safe and effective." I doubt they have done this.''

Apart from this vaccine of Russia, about 23 projects of vaccine development are currently underway against the corona epidemic. But only a few of them have reached the third and final phase of the trial and are still waiting for any vaccine to be fully successful. These include vaccine development projects of Oxford University, Moderna Pharmaceuticals, Chinese pharmaceutical company Synovac Biotech.

Oxford University's vaccine project ChAdOx1 also includes Sweden's pharma company AstraZeneca. The trial of Oxford University's Covid vaccine is going on in different countries of the world.

In the month of May, World Health Organization Chief Scientist Soumya Viswanathan called Oxford's project the most advanced covid vaccine. The trial of the first and second phases of this vaccine project was completed simultaneously in England in April.

Trials conducted on more than a thousand volunteers between 18 and 55 years of age had reviewed the safety of the vaccine and the immunity of the people. The Oxford University vaccine project is now in the third and final phase of trial and development.

Around 50,000 volunteers are expected to be involved in this phase of the trial of the Oxford Covid vaccine. Countries like South Africa, USA, UK and Brazil are participating in the final phase of the trial.

The Serum Institute of India is also preparing to test the Oxford Covid vaccine on humans in India.

If the final phase results are also positive, the research team at Oxford University will apply by the end of the year for registration with the UK regulatory body Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) by the end of the year.

The Covid-19 vaccine being tested in the US since July 15 has benefited the immunity of people as scientists had expected. However, this vaccine is yet to become an important trial.

The Covid vaccine project that China's private pharma company Sinovac Biotech is working on has reached the third and final stage of the trial. Before a government approval, a vaccine has to pass a test on humans.

This is the third vaccine development project in the world after Moderna and Oxford to reach the final stage of the trial. The vaccine named CoronaVac is currently undergoing trials in Brazil at nine thousand volunteers.

Trials regarding the Corona vaccine have also reached the third round in three other places in China. A trial is going on jointly with the Sinofarm company at the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products.

An effort from the Sinofarm Company is also taking place at the Beijing Institute of Biological Products. Another institute in Beijing, the Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, is also pursuing efforts to make the Corona vaccine in Canada Biological Inc. The two-stage trial has been completed here and the third phase trial is about to begin.

How much progress has been made so far in making the vaccine?

In the seven places where the third phase of the trial is going on, there is also an effort being made by private companies. American pharma company 'Fishers' and German company 'Bioentech' are working on a Covid vaccine project BNT162b2. The two companies have issued a joint statement that the vaccine project has reached the final stage of testing on humans. If these tests are successful, by the end of October, they will be able to apply for government approval. The company plans to ensure 100 million vaccine supplies by the end of 2020 and 1.3 billion doses by the end of 2021.

In addition, top pharmaceutical companies Sunfei and GSK have also collaborated to develop the vaccine. Two possible vaccines have also begun to be used in Australia in Australia. It is believed that its trial on humans will start by next year.

Japanese medical startup Anges has said that it has begun testing humans for a potential vaccine for the corona virus. This is the first such test in Japan. The company has said that trials will continue at Osaka City University Hospital until July 31 next year.

But no one knows that any of these efforts will work. The head of the World Health Organization has also expressed disappointment about making the vaccine several times.

Over the past six months, people's habits about certain things have changed. The corona virus epidemic exposed people to the importance of masks, self-isolation, and social distancing, but the most important thing is still being underestimated and that is hand washing.

When the corona virus epidemic spread throughout the world in February, health agencies advised people how they can protect themselves from the new virus.

Every day, a suggestion by experts was considered important for everyone and that was to wash hands with warm water for at least 20 seconds.

Thomas Gilbert, Associate Professor of Chemistry and Chemical Biology at North-Eastern University of Boston, Massachusetts, says the corona virus can be removed with just a cheap soap and hot water.

He says, "Around this virus is a membrane of genetic particles called lipid members because it is oily and smooth. Such a structure can be neutralized with soap and water. ''

The genetic material of the virus is broken as soon as the outer 'shell' of the virus is erased. Due to this, RNA is also destroyed, which makes many copies of this virus through the cell in the human body.

Gilbert says that hands should be thoroughly rubbed with soap and taken to every corner that gives time and there is contact between the lipid member and the soap.

They say that this helps soap to erase the virus. Gilbert says on hot water that it accelerates fighting the virus.

Professor Martin Michalis of Molecular Science at the University of Kent, UK, says that the virus cannot be neutralized by water alone.

He says, "When you are cooking and you have olive oil in your hand, it is very difficult to remove it from the water. You need soap. Similarly, in case of corona virus, soap is needed.

A leading expert on infectious diseases says that mutations (changes in the virus's genes) being seen in the corona virus in Europe, North America and parts of Asia may be more contagious, but they seem less deadly. Huh.

Paul Tambia, a senior physician at the National University of Singapore and newly-elected president of the International Society of Infectious Diseases, said, "The evidence suggests that the corona's D614G mutation (alteration in the gene of the virus) in some regions of the world," news agency Reuters After the spread, there was a decrease in the death rate, which shows that they are less fatal. ''

Doctor Tambia told Reuters that it is good for the virus to be more contagious but less deadly. He said that as most viruses mutate, that is, their genes change, they become less lethal.

He said, "It is in the interest of the virus to infect as many people as possible but do not kill them because the virus depends on people for food and shelter."

The World Health Organization has said that in February itself, scientists discovered that the corona virus is causing mutations and is spreading in Europe and America. The World Health Organization also said that there is no evidence that after the change in the virus, it has become more deadly.

On Sunday, Malaysia's Health Department DG Noor Hisham Abdullah urged people to be more vigilant after D614G mutations of the corona virus were found in two recent hot-spots.

Sebastian Morr-Stroh of the Singapore Institute of Science, Technology and Research said that this form of corona virus has been found in Singapore but has failed to spread on a large scale due to steps taken to prevent the virus.

Noor Hisham of Malaysia said that the D614G version of Corona that was found there was 10 times more contagious and the vaccine that is being developed right now. They may not be as effective for this version of the corona virus (D614G).

But Tambia and Maurer-Stroh said that the mutation would not change the corona virus so much that its vaccine would be reduced.

"The changes in the virus are almost the same and have not changed the way that our immune system usually recognizes, so the corona vaccine being developed won't make any difference," said Morr-Stroh."

The World Health Organization (WHO) on Tuesday raised doubts about Russia's vaccine. Russia is going to start production of Corona virus vaccine from October.

The World Health Organization stated that a number of guidelines have been developed for vaccine production. World Health Organization spokesman Christian Lindmire was asked during a UN press briefing that if a license is issued to produce a vaccine without its Phase III trial, would the organization consider it dangerous?

Russia's Health Minister said on Saturday that his country is preparing to start a large-scale vaccine campaign against Covid-19 from October.

Russian Health Minister Mikhail Murashko told reporters that no vaccine fee would be charged and that it would be given to doctors and teachers first.

The Russian Health Minister said that along with the production, the clinical trial of the vaccine will continue and efforts will be made to improve it.

World Health Organization spokesman Christian Lindmire said, "Whenever such news comes or such steps are taken, we have to be careful." The facts of such reports should be examined with caution.''

Christian Lindmire said, "Sometimes it happens that some researchers claim that they have made a discovery that is actually very good news. But there is a huge difference between finding something or getting an indication that the vaccine is effective and going through all stages of a clinical trial. We have never seen anything like this officially. If something officially happens, our office colleagues in Europe would have paid attention to it.

A spokesman for the World Health Organization said, "There have been a number of rules for making a safe vaccine and there are guidelines regarding this. It is important to follow them so that we know what effect the vaccine or any treatment has and which can help in the fight against the disease.''

He said, "By following the guidelines, we also get to know whether any treatment or vaccine has side effects or whether it is causing more harm than benefits."

The World Health Organization has listed 25 vaccines undergoing clinical trials on its website, while 139 vaccines are currently in the pre-clinical stage.